Team — Enable Adherence

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Our Team

Our network is built on the expertise and commitment of member organisations from around the world. Meet the institutions and representatives working together to advance medication adherence research, training, and innovation.

Lead organizations

The Avedis Donabedian Research Institute is a multidisciplinary research institute based in Barcelona, Spain, with the mission to contribute to improving the quality of healthcare and social services for individuals and communities through the generation and dissemination of knowledge and the application of innovative solutions. FAD’s current research strategy is focused on interdisciplinary applied research on quality, efficiency, sustainability and equity of health and social care services, patient safety, patient empowerment and self-management of chronic conditions, new models of care such as integrated, person-centered care, evaluation of patient outcomes, experience and satisfaction with health and social care services, and the development, evaluation and implementation of complex health interventions, including digital health, health and social care professional training and adoption of best practices. Medication adherence is a transversal topic for the FAD research strategy, with particular relevance for quality of care, self-management of chronic conditions, digital health and professional training.

Alexandra Dima is Health Psychologist and Principal Researcher at the Avedis Donabedian Research Institute – Autonomous University Barcelona, and Senior Researcher at the Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute, Spain. Her research focuses on data-driven approaches to integrated person-centred care and improving management of chronic conditions via collaborative care and patient empowerment. She has worked on diverse topics such as medication adherence, self-management support, health literacy, and quality of care, in a range of health conditions such as asthma, HIV, cancer, stroke, and pain, as well as primary and secondary prevention. Her research in medication adherence has contributed to the development of several measurement instruments and interventions to support adherence and self-management for people living with chronic conditions. She is currently Lead of the ENABLE Network on Medication Adherence Technologies and best practices, continuing from the ENABLE COST Action CA19132.

The Uppsala University (UU) was founded in 1477 and is Sweden’s oldest university. UU has more than 50,000 students and 2,500 doctoral students and its nine faculties create opportunities not only for the pursuit of higher education but also for cross-disciplinary research and teaching. The Faculty of Pharmacy provides pharmaceutical research and graduate education in an environment closely aligned to pharmaceutical industry, the regulatory agency, hospitals and other sectors of health and medical care. The faculty has extensive research in all fields of pharmaceutical science from early drug discovery and development to drug utilization. At the Department of Pharmacy, our research group in Pharmacoepidemiology perform research focusing on describing and understanding how medications are prescribed, dispensed, and used by different population groups, as well as the effects observed in terms of improved health, side effects, and costs of drug therapy. Part of our research focuses on medication adherence. We evaluate adherence to treatment in general, from both the patient’s and healthcare professionals’ perspectives, and how new digital tools and services can be used to support patients and healthcare professionals, thereby increasing adherence to medication treatments. https://www.uu.se/en/department/pharmacy/research/pharmacoepidemiology

Bjorn Wettermark, M.Sc.Pharm, PhD is professor of pharmacoepidemiology at Uppsala university, Sweden and visiting professor at Vilnius university, Lithuania. His research focus mainly on drug utilization as a tool in health policy including prescribing quality indicators, international comparisons of drug utilization, evaluation of prescribing doctors’ adherence to guidelines and patient adherence to treatment as well as intervention studies to promote rational use of drugs. He has previously had various managerial positions in the health region of Stockholm as well as other commitments including membership in national and regional strategic groups on medicine management, scientific advisor to the Swedish Medical Products Agency as well as past chair of the European Drug Utilization Research group, the European chapter of the International Society for Pharmacoepidemiology. He is currently Co-Lead of the ENABLE Network on Medication Adherence Technologies and best practices.

Marie Ekenberg is a registered pharmacist and currently pursuing a PhD in Pharmacoepidemiology at Uppsala University. Her doctoral project addresses an important challenge in healthcare: enhancing medication adherence through digital technologies. More precisely, she focuses on patients living with chronic conditions—with a particular interest in type 2 diabetes—and explores how innovative tools can support them in managing their treatment over time.

Member organizations

Large academic hospital, home of the Medication Adherence Expertise Center of the northern Netherlands (MAECON).

Prof. dr. Job van Boven is a health economics & real-world drug outcomes expert specialized in lung diseases. He is the founding director of the Medication Adherence Expertise Center Of the northern Netherlands (MAECON) and Chair of the 39 country European Network to Advance Best Practices & Technology on Medication Adherence (ENABLE) COST Action. He leads the research group on Cost-effective Drug Use at the University Medical Center Groningen and is Principal Investigator at the Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC). His PharmD and PhD were obtained at the University of Groningen (The Netherlands), with a thesis on the cost-effectiveness of adherence enhancing interventions in patients with COPD. After his PhD research, he completed fellowships at the University of Colorado (USA), Monash University (Australia) and the Hospital Universitario Son Espases (Spain). He is (co)author of >120 scientific publications, supervisor of 10 PhD students and received several research prices & grants (totaling > €6 million).

Nivel is an independent non-profit foundation which contributes to the quality and effectiveness of the Dutch healthcare system. Pharmaceutical care is one of the programs within Nivel. In this program, studies focus on the whole pharmaceutical care chain, from prescription issued by prescribers, to dispensing by pharmacists, to use of the medication by the patient. Stimulating medication adherence is an important focus within this program. Program coordinator Liset van Dijk and senior researcher Marcia Vervloet conducted and supervised several studies on this topic, e.g. in developing and evaluating interventions promoting adherence, developing training and tools to stimulate patient-centred communication aimed to recognize and address medication adherence problems, and monitoring and evaluating the implementation of medication adherence interventions in daily practice via living labs. The Make-It consortium, led by Nivel, is guiding these living labs (https://makeitconsortium.nl/).

Marcia Vervloet, PhD, works within the Pharmaceutical Care program at Nivel, the Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research. Her research focuses on proper medication use (from the patient’s perspective) and communication. On the one hand, she focuses her research directly on patients, for example, by mapping their experiences with medications and the problems they encounter during use, and by developing and evaluating interventions to promote medication adherence. On the other hand, she focuses on improving communication between patients and healthcare providers, particularly the pharmacy team, by providing them with tools to (better) support patients in medication use. She has developed various communication training courses for the pharmacy team and other useful communication tools (e.g. COM-MA training, on TRACk training, TRIAGE practical question set, RALPH interview guide). In recent years, she has also been working to promote the implementation of medication adherence interventions in (pharmacy) practice as part of the Make-It consortium. Marcia was in the lead in developing Interventienet, a Dutch website that bundles effective medication adherence interventions. Marcia is active member of the ESPACOMP (International Society for Medication Adherence), and the president of ESPACOMP for 2026.

The University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania, (https://umfcv.ro/en) consists of four faculties, which are divided into departments and research centers. The scientific research is an essential component of the work of university teachers and can be carried out in all forms at all levels. Scientific research centres are organised as structures without legal personality, around a competitive research programme that meets general criteria such as: tradition, relevance, impact at the frontier of scientific and technological research in the field concerned, significant contribution to the expansion of knowledge, technical, economic and administrative rationalisation in national or international contexts.

I am pharmacist with background also in Computer Science. My research in the medication adherence domain proved Romanian patients have low to high medication
adherence in different diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, hepatitis C, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, depression). I also developed new tools to measure medication adherence for Romanian patients. The results of my research are published in journals with high impact factor (https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Adina-Turcu-Stiolica). I was the Chair of ISPOR Medication Adherence and Persistence SIG in the period 2022-204. New medication adherence enhancing interventions should be implemented and my experience in this domain could help the working group to find and to research some new methods to increase medication
adherence. My aim is to implement new interventions included in the advanced pharmaceutical services provided by pharmacists in the community pharmacies from Romania.

I am a pharmacist and Lecturer at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, where my work focuses on medication adherence, patient-reported outcomes, and patient-centered research. My career bridges academic research and clinical trial operations, allowing me to contribute to projects that improve real-world treatment outcomes, patient engagement, and healthcare decision-making.I hold a PhD in Pharmacy, with my doctoral work centered on developing and optimizing pharmacoeconomic tools for chronic disease management. I have authored more than 37 Web of Science publications, received five national research awards, and regularly provide peer review and scientific consulting for international journals. My clinical research experience includes protocol development, site coordination, data monitoring, and writing regulatory-compliant study documentation. I recently coordinated a nationwide study involving over 180 community pharmacies to evaluate pharmacists’ perceptions of vaccination services, serving as the primary author on the resulting publication. I have also contributed to oncology-focused research on cognitive effects of chemotherapy, gaining hands-on exposure to vulnerable patient populations and early-phase study environments. Fluent in multiple languages and skilled in scientific writing and mentoring, I am committed to integrating academic insight with practical clinical research work. My goal is to continue developing evidence-based strategies that improve adherence, patient experience, and the overall impact of healthcare interventions.

The Pharmaceutical Care Research Group (GIAF-UGR) was established in 1993 and is currently led by Victoria Cardenas. Over its 30 years of activity, the group has focused on developing evidence-based healthcare technologies to optimize medicines use. GIAF-UGR’s research lies within the field of health services research, a multidisciplinary discipline that examines the use, quality, costs, and outcomes of healthcare services to improve their effectiveness and accessibility. Its main research lines cover the development, evaluation, and implementation of health services across various care settings. A major focus of GIAF-UGR is medication adherence, particularly the characterization and management of non-adherence in chronic diseases. Current projects aim to characterize non-adherence in Andalusia and to develop cost-effective, scalable interventions that can be implemented in primary care. The group brings together 32 multidisciplinary researchers from academia, primary care, hospitals, and public health administrations. Through its national and international collaborations, GIAF-UGR maintains a leadership role in pharmaceutical care research in Spain, ensuring the translation of scientific evidence into healthcare practice.

Victoria is an Associate Professor at the University of Granada (Spain) and an Adjunct Fellow at the University of Technology Sydney (Australia). Trained as a pharmacist, she has developed her academic and research career in health services research, with a particular focus on medication adherence.
Her work aims to bridge the gap between research and practice by generating evidence to support the integration of innovative health services that enhance patient outcomes and the sustainability of healthcare systems.
Victoria has co-authored more than 90 peer-reviewed publications and has contributed to numerous national and international research projects focused on the development, evaluation and implementation of health services. She collaborates actively with multidisciplinary teams and professional organizations, fostering collaboration across sectors and countries.
Through her research and teaching, Victoria seeks to promote the continuous development of healthcare providers and to strengthen their contribution to patient-centred care worldwide. Her trajectory has been recognised with her inclusion in the 2024 Stanford Ranking, and her appointment as a Fellow of the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) in 2025.

The Research Group in Health Services in Aragon (GRISSA) is a multidisciplinary group with a broad experience in medication-adherence research, combining population-level pharmacoepidemiology and applied health-services research. GRISSA members have participated in different projects at a regional, national and international projects in the field of health services research. They have also conducted numerous adherence studies, by assessing adherence to cardiovascular preventive therapies and their impact on healthcare use and health outcomes, through the analyses of RWD. The group has also contributed to methodological advances and consensus efforts in the field, including involvement in the Spanish translation and adaptation of the ABC taxonomy for medication adherence. Current adherence-related activities are aligned with GRISSA’s strategic lines, such as social inequities in medication use and cardiovascular prevention, and are carried out in close collaboration with the regional health services. Beyond research, GRISSA members contribute to training and capacity building—through university teaching in epidemiology and public health, doctoral supervision and participation in professional training programs—thereby facilitating translation of evidence into clinical practice and health-system decision making.

I hold a degree in Medicine from the University of Zaragoza and completed my specialist training (MIR) in Preventive Medicine and Public Health. I pursued doctoral studies and defended my PhD thesis in 2015. In addition, I hold a Master’s degree in Public Health from the National School of Public Health and a Master’s in Research Methodology in Health Sciences from the Autonomous University of Barcelona. Currently, I am an Associate Professor at the University of Zaragoza, Department of Microbiology, Pediatrics, Radiology and Public Health. My scientific output includes over 70 articles in peer-reviewed journals indexed in the Journal Citation Reports (JCR), as well as contributions to academic textbooks. I have participated as principal investigator and co-investigator in several regional and national research projects in the field of Public Health. I am co-principal investigator of the Health Services Research Group of Aragón (GRISSA)—a recognised group of excellence by the Government of Aragón—and a member of the RICAPPS Network (Chronicity, Primary Care and Health Promotion Research Network, Instituto de Salud Carlos III). I also serve on the Executive Board of the Spanish Society of Epidemiology.

I am a nurse, mathematician, and PhD in Medicine with advanced academic and research training in public health and epidemiology. I hold a Master’s in Public Health from Umeå University (Sweden) and a Master’s in Research in Nursing Sciences. My doctoral research at the University of Zaragoza focuses on cardiovascular risk assessment in population-based cohorts using real-world data. As part of this work, I have investigated the impact of treatment adherence on the control of cardiovascular risk factors, contributing evidence to support better preventive strategies and patient-centred care. Currently, I am an Assistant Professor (Profesora Ayudante Doctora) in the Department of Statistics at the University of Zaragoza. My academic background has provided strong methodological expertise in epidemiological study design, biostatistics, and data science, including machine learning applications in health. I have published in high-impact journals such as International Journal of Epidemiology, European Journal of Public Health, and PLOS ONE, in some cases as first author. I have participated in competitive research projects funded by the Spanish Institute of Health Carlos III and the Government of Aragón, and I am an active member of the GRISSA research group. I also collaborate with Umeå University’s Department of Epidemiology and Global Health, where I recently coordinated an international project on ageing and social frailty.

Sara Malo, PhD, is an Associate Professor in Public Health at the University of Zaragoza (Spain) and a senior researcher at the Health Services Research Group in Aragon (GRISSA). Trained as a pharmacist, she holds a PhD in Medicine and Master in Public Health. Her academic and research trajectory integrates expertise in pharmacoepidemiology, health services research, and medication adherence. Sara Malo’s work focuses on understanding patterns of medication use, and their impact on health, in chronic disease management—particularly in cardiovascular prevention therapies. She has led and contributed to several regional, national and international projects examining determinants of adherence and their implications for health outcomes and healthcare utilization. Her research has contributed to the implementation of the ABC taxonomy for medication adherence in Spain and to the development of tools for measuring adherence in real-world settings. In addition, she actively collaborates with healthcare institutions in translating research evidence into clinical and policy strategies aimed at improving medication-taking behavior. Beyond her research activities, Sara is deeply involved in teaching and mentoring at the Faculty of Health Sciences, training future health professionals and doctoral students in pharmacoepidemiology, research methodology, and evidence-based healthcare planning, from an equity perspective.

‘- Doctor of Medicine
– Extraordinary Doctoral Award.
– Four six-year research periods (last awarded 2016-2021).
– Seven five-year teaching periods (last March 2024).
– 23 doctoral theses supervised and defended. Three with European distinction and three with international distinction. Five also received the Extraordinary Doctoral Award. Five were theses based on a compilation of publications.
– More than 140 scientific articles published.
– Principal Investigator of the Health Services Research Group of Aragon (GRISSA), recognized by the Government of Aragon since 2003. Reference Group (B09_23R) since 2013.
– Principal Investigator of the Health Services Research Group (IISAragon) (GIIS022).

Faculty of Medical Sciences, Goce Delcev University Stip

Full professor in Biopharmacy and Pharmaceutical biotechnology at the Division of Pharmacy, Goce Delcev University in Stip, with research interests in design and formulation of biological drugs, probiotics, and nutraceuticals, with particular emphasis on their clinical-pharmaceutical aspects and the factors influencing patient adherence to therapy. Scientific work that focuses on various aspects of experimental and translational research, bridging drug design and clinical pharmacy practice.
Professional experience in several international research fellowships and study visits, with active participation in national and international scientific projects, including EU COST ENABLE Action CA 19132 as Management Committee Member. Teaching activities that cover undergraduate and postgraduate courses in biopharmacy and biotechnology, focused on evidence-based practice.

Prof. Dr. Darinka Gjorgieva Ackova is an academic and researcher with extensive experience in pharmaceutical sciences. Her work focuses mainly on pharmaceutical toxicology and allied fields, contributing significantly to both national and international scientific and professional communities.
She has authored numerous publications, participated in international projects, and mentored young researchers and professionals in the medication adherence field. Her PhD students are not only from North Macedonia, but also international. Prof. Gjorgieva Ackova actively promotes the importance of medication adherence to help in building better network of medication adherence enhancing knowledge and technology across healthcare systems in the country.

Dijana Miceva is a pharmacist and PhD candidate in Social Pharmacy at the University Goce Delcev in Stip, North Macedonia. Her work focuses on medication adherence and the role of the pharmacist as a healthcare professional in supporting adherence and patient care. She has been involved in the cultural adaptation and validation of the Medication Intake Survey for Asthma (MIS-A) and the Inhaler Technique Questionnaire (InTeQ). Her current research explores adherence-related practices and ongoing studies in North Macedonia, aiming to strengthen the pharmacist’s contribution to improving treatment outcomes and public health.

The University of Auckland’s School of Pharmacy ranks #77 worldwide in the 2025 QS World University Rankings and has a strong, active track record in medication adherence, embedding it within its core research, training, and practice initiatives. The school is internationally recognised, particularly for its research cluster in pharmacoepidemiology, which uses ‘big data’ to analyse how real-world medicine use and adherence patterns affect patient outcomes. This research emphasis is mirrored in the school’s training. Adherence is a core component of the undergraduate Bachelor of Pharmacy (BPharm) curriculum, focusing on “medicine optimisation” and patient counselling. It is also an explicit, advanced topic in the Postgraduate study in Prescribing. Notable projects demonstrate the school’s practical impact. A successful pharmacist-led diabetes coaching pilot in South Auckland significantly reduced patients’ blood sugar levels, proving the value of pharmacist intervention. Another major study evaluated the national “Long Term Conditions (LTC)” service, confirming it improved medication adherence for enrolled patients. Other research has investigated prescription co-payment effects and primary non-adherence following an Emergency Department discharge. These integrated activities establish the School of Pharmacy as a key national leader, producing high-impact research and training pharmacists to actively manage and improve medication adherence in New Zealand: https://www.auckland.ac.nz/en/fmhs/about-the-faculty/sop/our-research/about.html

Dr. Amy Chan is an Associate Professor at the University of Auckland’s School of Pharmacy. Amy is the current Head of School, and also co-leads the Medicines Intelligence group. A clinical pharmacist by training, she brings over 15 years of hospital experience, including experience leading a clinical pharmacy team. She completed her postdoctoral fellowship at University College London.

Dr. Chan’s work in adherence is extensive. Her PhD focused specifically on improving adherence and asthma outcomes in individuals with poorly controlled asthma using digital technologies. Today, her primary interest lies at the intersection of digital technology, big data, and respiratory health. She leads a research group that explores how technology can be used to explore and improve medication-related behaviours and health outcomes.

Her contributions to the field are notable, with over 140 peer-reviewed research outputs and more than 50 research grants. She has influenced policy at both national and international levels, including contributing to WHO guidelines. Dr. Chan was previously a Minister-appointed councillor for the Pharmacy Council of New Zealand and currenlty serves as a global lead with the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) and sits on the ESPACOMP Research Policy and Implementation committee.

Medicines Optimisation Innovation Centre (MOIC)

Anita is currently Lead in the regional Medicines Optimisation Innovation Centre (MOIC) in Northern Ireland. She is a registered Pharmacist with experience across Community, General Practice and Hospital settings. Anita holds an MSc in Clinical Pharmacy and has delivered and evaluated person-centred care and medicines optimisation for over 25 years, including co-ordinating the innovative Integrated Medicines Management (IMM) Project, incorporating medicines reconciliation, medicine review, adherence support and patient education. This multi-award winning work, has contributed to the transformation of clinical pharmacy services in Northern Ireland and extensive collaboration across Europe. Anita has disseminated widely, including numerous conference presentations and workshops across Europe and internationally. She has contributed to the delivery of large European projects, including the iSIMPATHY project, which evaluated structured, person-centred medicine reviews and the development of Healthcare Professional training. She was also a member of the ENABLE Adherence COST Action, focusing on medicines adherence technologies. Anita is supporting the delivery of the recently commenced iMPROVE project, evaluating a person-centred pharmacogenomics-informed medicine review pathway in General Practices in Northern Ireland, Republic of Ireland and Scotland. Anita is passionate about making a difference to patients, empowering pharmacists and other healthcare professionals and driving change through informing the delivery of best practice in medicines use to optimise patient outcomes. Anita completed the Independent Prescriber course in 2009 and is a recipient of the Northern Ireland Hospital Pharmacist of the Year Award.

Dr Glenda Fleming (MSc, PhD, MPSNI) studied pharmacy at Queen’s, Belfast. Following pre-registration training and registering as a pharmacist she returned to Queen’s to undertake a PhD. After a short period of working as Research Fellow for the Northern Ireland Centre for Postgraduate Pharmaceutical Education and Training she moved to the role of Programme Manager for the HSC R&D Office. In this role she contributed to the implementation of the HSC R&D Strategy, developed policies and procedures governing the conduct of R&D and provided leadership in the co-ordination of pharmaceutical R&D throughout NI. Dr Fleming is currently Deputy Director for the Medicines Optimisation Innovation Centre. The Centre aims to work towards better patient outcomes by initiating, developing and sharing best practice with regards to medicines use. During her career she has gained over 16 years experience, on a part-time basis, in community pharmacy and has taught at undergraduate and postgraduate levels.

University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry

Maja Ortner Hadžiabdić, MPharm, PhD is an Associate Professor and Vise Dean of lifelong learning at the Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Croatia. She teaches graduate courses such as Clinical Pharmacy with Pharmacotherapy, Consultation Skills, and Pharmaceutical Care, as well as several postgraduate courses in Clinical Pharmacy. Additionally, she coordinates Pre-registration training for pharmacy students. Maja has supervised over forty student projects and final diploma theses. Her professional interests include pharmacy education and clinical pharmacy, with a current focus on safe and effective use of medicines in older patients, deprescribing, and medication adherence. Maja is the author of over forty scientific and professional papers in international and national journals and has participated in numerous congresses with over 90 oral and poster presentations. Maja plays an active role in the professional community as a member of the Executive Board of the Clinical Pharmacy Section of the Croatian Pharmaceutical Society and as a member of several working groups within the Croatian Chamber of Pharmacists. She has also participated in several multicentric European projects and COST actions.

Short Bio

CBIOS – the Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies is Universidade Lusófona (ULus), dedicated health research unit. Focused on advancing population health, particularly within the Lusophone community, CBIOS spans research from molecular sciences to human studies and formulation development, offering innovative, integrative, and sustainable health solutions for societal challenges. CBIOS has a strong record in medication adherence research, digital health, and implementation science, leading national initiatives such as the MobiMAd@PT project (FCT ref. 2023.11968.PEX) and contributing actively to the COST Action ENABLE (CA19132) network. CBIOS leads the scientific coordination of digital health and implementation science activities through its Well-being, One Health & Digital Futures, a multidisciplinary team with expertise in qualitative research, adherence evaluation, and health economics. (https://cbios.ulusofona.pt/)

João Gregório is an Associate Professor at the Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies (CBIOS), Universidade Lusófona, where he also serves as Vice-Director for Digital Transformation. He holds a PhD in International Health (IHMT-NOVA), a Master’s in Health and Development, and a degree in Pharmaceutical Sciences, being a Specialist in Community Pharmacy since 2009.
His research focuses on medication adherence, digital health, and implementation science, with particular interest in how technology-supported health services can improve chronic disease management and patient engagement. He has led or co-led several research and innovation projects, including MobiMAd@PT (FCT ref. 2023.11968.PEX; https://mobimadpt.wixsite.com/2025), evaluating a digital medication dispenser to support adherence. He is an active member of ENABLE and COST Action INE-CSC (CA21152), contributing to European research networks on medication adherence and digital care solutions.
Beyond research, he coordinates teaching in Pharmaceutical Care, Digital Health, and Public Health, both at ULus and in the Erasmus Mundus “Hygieia – Joint Master in Health and Wellbeing across the Lifespan”, fostering interdisciplinary training for future health professionals. His work bridges academia, practice, and technology partners, advancing evidence-based, scalable innovations to enhance medication adherence and patient outcomes.

One of the main research interests of the Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy is medication taking behaviour of patients in various health care settings. Our team participates in several projects focused on medication adherence and other drug-related problems as well as systematic collection and analyses of information on medicines in relation to clinical practice of health care professionals. We have also successfully implemented topics related to medication adherence into undergraduate as well as postgraduate pharmacy education, i.e., presenting the main population challenges in this matter as well as discussing risk of non-adherence in individual cases. In cooperation with ESPACOMP, we have adapted and translated the terminology and taxonomy of medication adherence into Czech and subsequently applied it in the research. Currently, we are analysing anticoagulation therapy from the perspective both of society and patients including implementation of technologies and sampling drug concentrations in monitoring medication adherence. Secondly, we have developed and validated a new tool for assessing inhalation technique in patients with bronchial asthma and COPD which is now being implemented in clinical practice. Our entire research and team is available: Clinical & Social Pharmacy and History of Pharmacy | Faculty of Pharmacy – Research Portal

Professor Assistant and clinical pharmacist at the Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy. Participating on undergraduate education (Pharmaceutical Care, Social Pharmacy, Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmacoepidemiology) and postgraduate education with the main interest on pharmacoepidemiology, drug information and medication adherence. Chair of the Drug Information Centre at the Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové and University Hospital Hradec Králové. Chair of the Education Committee of European Society of Clinical Pharmacy. Since her PhD, the research has been focused on medication adherence from different perspectives, especially patients´ behaviour and their beliefs in pharmacotherapy, electronic monitoring and implementing multi-level interventions to support adherence.

I work as an Assistant Professor at the Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Hradec Králové. In my teaching, I focus on pharmaceutical care, pharmacy practice and related legal and ethical aspects. During my doctoral studies, I researched treatment adherence in patients with diabetes mellitus. Currently, my research is primarily focused on adherence to inhalation therapy, with an emphasis on inhalation technique in patients with obstructive pulmonary diseases. My practical experience comes mainly from working in a community pharmacy.

I completed my Master’s degree in Pharmacy at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Hradec Králové, where I studied from 2019 to 2024. In September 2024, I began my Ph.D. studies at the Department of Clinical and Social Pharmacy at the same institution. My doctoral research focuses on medication adherence to inhalation therapy among patients with asthma bronchiale and/or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, with a particular emphasis on the elderly population aged 65 and older. During my studies, I developed a strong interest in clinical pharmacy, patient-centered care, and the behavioral aspects influencing medication use. My current research aims to better understand the factors affecting adherence in older adults and to design interventions that can support patients in managing their inhalation therapy effectively. I am also interested in exploring how healthcare professionals can optimize communication and education strategies to improve treatment outcomes in chronic respiratory diseases.

I graduated with a Master’s degree in Pharmacy in 2015 and a PhD in Pharmacokinetics in 2020. I currently work as an assistant professor at the Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy. Here I participate in teaching pharmaceutical care courses and a research project focused on adherence in patients with asthma and/or COPD. I also work in a public pharmacy, where I dispense medications to patients.

UEF’s School of Pharmacy constitutes part of the Faculty of Health Sciences. It offers Bachelor and Master degree programmes in pharmacy and International Master’s program in Toxicology. The Pharmaceutical Policy Research Group (https://uefconnect.uef.fi/en/pharmaceutical-policy-research-group/ ) is one of the research groups of the School. One of its research priorities is patient involvement in the pharmacotherapy process, including research on medication adherence.

Emma Aarnio, PhD (Pharm.), MSc (Health Econ.) is a senior researcher in the Pharmaceutical Policy Research Group at the University of Eastern Finland. Her research focuses on drug utilization including medication adherence and she has also done research on health economics and pharmaceutical policy. She has conducted both quantitative studies as well as qualitative studies based on registers, surveys, and interviews. She represented Finland in the COST Action “European Network to Advance Best practices & technoLogy on medication adherencE” (ENABLE). She was a member of the steering committee of its working group on current practices and was very active in the conducted survey for European health care professionals on the management of medication adherence. Her current research topics include self-reported medication adherence in Finland.

Within the Málaga Valle del Guadalhorce Health District (https://distritomalaga.sas.junta-andalucia.es/dsmv/), the Multiprofessional Teaching Unit for Family and Community Care (https://distritomalaga.sas.junta-andalucia.es/dsmv/unidad-docente) comprises a multiprofessional teaching unit with a focus on family and community in the Málaga-Guadalhorce primary care district. This unit reports to the Andalusian Health Service (SAS), organized into a network of hospitals and health centers, and collaborates with the University of Málaga. The objective of the SAS is the promotion of health, research, and innovation in health matters in the region. We are also a consolidated interdisciplinary group of researchers (https://ibima.eu/es/project/c-08/) at the Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga (IBIMA-BIONAND Platform), where basic, clinical, and public health research is harmoniously developed and integrated, promoting translational research for better transfer of scientific advances obtained in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the most prevalent health problems at the regional, national, and global levels. Due to the geographical characteristics of our region (Malaga and the Costa del Sol), we serve inpatients and outpatients of diverse ethnicities and cultures (Europe, Africa, Central and South America). Our areas of work include multimorbidity, use of health services, polypharmacy: prevention and consequences, patient care, patient safety, patient quality of life, therapeutic adherence, clinical-economic impact of interventions to improve treatment adherence, and therapeutic education. We have been involved in the ENABLE project since its inception in 2020. We are currently involved in other projects funded at regional (PI 0129_2024), national (PI22/01651) and European (S1/4.5/F0063) levels.

Francisca Leiva, MD, MSc, PhD is a family doctor and professor at the Multiprofesional Teaching Unit of Community and Family Care Primary Care District Málaga-Guadalhorce Knowledge Management Unit Málaga-Guadalhorce Health District, Spain. She is also a collaborating professor at the School of Doctoral Studies at the University of Malaga. Her research focuses mainly on patient-reported and health outcomes: quality of life, morbidity and mortality, adherence to treatment, patient preferences, polypharmacy, prevention of iatrogenesis (loss of autonomy, drug iatrogenesis, medication optimisation), health care utilization, cost-effective interventions in patients with chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, COPD, hypertension, multimorbidity. She is also carrying out several projects related to the evaluation of the effectiveness of educational interventions for health professionals in the care of patients with multimorbidity and in relation to the acquisition of clinical thinking skills and critical appraisal of scientific evidence.
She has previously been scientific advisor to the Spanish Medical Products Agency as well as past chair of the Research Section of the Andalusian Society of Family and Community Medicine. She is currently part of the Advisory Committee of the Andalusian Health Service Research Improvement Program, member of the Respiratory Group of the Andalusian Society of Family and Community Medicine and member of the Research Network on Chronic Diseases, Primary Care, and Health Prevention and Promotion (RICAPPS).

Altınbaş University is located in Istanbul, Türkiye, and is committed to providing high-quality education and research in various fields of health sciences and technology. As one of the most international universities in Türkiye, Altınbaş University hosts students and academic staff from more than 100 countries worldwide. The research team is mainly based at the Faculty of Pharmacy, which also organizes continuous professional development programs for pharmacists in collaboration with the Turkish Pharmacists Association and regional Chambers of Pharmacists. These programs focus on the rational use of medicines and sustainability practices, aiming to enhance the knowledge and skills of pharmacy professionals while strengthening university–industry–society collaboration in the health sector. An example to the recent notable projects is the Horizon Europe project “uCAIR”, which aims to develop a novel laser technology for pioneering Raman-based diagnostic system suitable for endoscopic procedures in oncology and other applications. In addition, the university actively participates in several other bilateral and multilateral international and national projects in the fields of medicine, pharmacy, engineering, and natural sciences. www.altinbas.edu.tr

Gaye Hafez is a pharmacologist and the Head of the Department of Pharmacology at Altınbaş University Faculty of Pharmacy in Istanbul, Türkiye. She holds a PhD in Pharmacology from Ankara University. Her academic and professional background spans both the pharmaceutical industry and academia. Before joining the university, she managed her own pharmacy and worked as a consultant in an international company specialising in drug databases and electronic claim processing systems in digital health. Dr Hafez is currently affiliated with Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CESP (Clinical Epidemiology Team, Centre de Recherche en Épidémiologie et Santé des Populations) in France, where she conducts clinical epidemiological research. Her recent studies focus on cognitive dysfunction and depression in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), with particular attention to the interaction between neurological and renal mechanisms. She has published in peer-reviewed journals on CKD, dementia, medication adherence, and digital health, and has contributed to numerous European interdisciplinary projects. Through her work in Türkiye and France, Dr Hafez continues to advance collaborative studies at the intersection of nephro-neurology, and pharmacoepidemiology. ORCID: 0000-0002-0837-634X

I am a physical chemist with a strong interdisciplinary background, holding a double major in chemistry and physics engineering from Istanbul Technical University (ITU). I received a joint doctoral degree in physical chemistry from TU Berlin and ITU in 2017. Since then, I have been a faculty member at Altınbaş University, where I currently serve as the Dean of Research. I am also an affiliated researcher at the Sabancı University Nanotechnology Research Center. My research bridges experimental and computational chemistry, focusing on the synthesis of multifunctional biopolymer composites, chemometric analysis, and simulation of physicochemical systems, as well as research management strategies. My current work focuses on data-driven approaches for chemical and biomedical applications, ranging from the simulation of hydrogel behavior and microfluidics to epidemic modeling. Having authored more than 35 papers with over 1,300 citations, I also have extensive experience in funding acquisition and project management as a PI, researcher, and advisor.

I am Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nilay Aksoy, a distinguished leader in Clinical Pharmacy, currently serving as the Head of the Clinical Pharmacy Department at Altınbaş University. My professional training is extensive and multidisciplinary, including a Bachelor’s degree in Pharmacy and a Ph.D. in Clinical Pharmacy from Marmara University. I also hold a Master’s degree in Clinical Pharmacy from Alexandria University and a second Master’s in Health Economics and Pharmacoeconomics from Hacettepe University. This comprehensive background allows me to bring a wide range of expertise to patient care, research, and academic leadership.
My current research interests are primarily focused on critical areas such as medication adherence (also known as drug compliance), rational use of medication, and oncology. My most significant contribution is demonstrating the positive impact of pharmacist intervention on patient outcomes in many research, books and projects(COST)and pioneering the integration of virtual simulation tools in pharmacy education.

I am an Asst. Prof. of Biochemistry at Altınbaş University School of Pharmacy, with academic training rooted in biology and biochemistry. I completed my B.Sc. in Biology at Ankara University, followed by my M.S. and Ph.D. in Biochemistry at Hacettepe University. During my years at Hacettepe, I gained experience as a research and teaching assistant, particularly in biochemistry laboratory courses for pharmacy students. In 2013, I further expanded my research experience as a Visiting Scientist at INSERM/Université Toulouse III, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC) in Toulouse, France. My research focuses on cholinesterases, monoamine oxidase-A and -B, and the mechanisms underlying their inhibition. I am also deeply interested in natural products, especially their inhibitory effects on these key neurological enzymes and their broader biological activities to find the link to the treatment of neurodegenerative illnesses, such as Alzheimer’s disease. Throughout my academic career, I have developed and taught courses in biochemistry and clinical biochemistry, while actively supervising and mentoring undergraduate and graduate students. I have authored publications in peer-reviewed journals and contributed to research projects. I continue to integrate my research expertise with pharmacy education, aiming to advance scientific understanding, promote interdisciplinary collaboration, and contribute to the development of innovative approaches in enzymology and neurodegenerative disease research.

The EDUCATE Lab is a research laboratory within the Department of Nursing at the Hellenic Mediterranean University with a strong focus on medication adherence, precision nursing, and evidence-based clinical decision-making. Our work integrates clinical assessment, and digital health, with attention to factors such as health literacy, emotional burden, family dynamics and cultural context.

• Research in medication adherence

• Education and training of nurses and students in precision healthcare, with focus on identifying personalized adherence barriers. Related Phd projects

• Research activity through post-doctorate projects in drug–drug and drug–food interactions:

• Research in building capacity in digital literacy and in cultivating health professionals’ competencies in Evidence-Based Practice, including clinical decision making.

Also, extensive experience in curriculum enhancement according to the state-of-the-art scientific topics and patients needs. Related publications and projects (https://europeannursingebp.com/ ; https://witea-id.eu/)

• Strong research activity and wide international network with interprofessional teams from academic and non-academic partners.

Faculty member (Associate Professor) at the Nursing Department in the Hellenic Mediterranean University (HMU), Heraklion, Crete, Greece. My scientific field is “Critically ill patients’ nursing assessment”. I hold a BSc in Nursing, a MSc with reference to Health Services Management and a PhD degree in the field of Intensive and Emergency Care. From 2008, I have taught many courses included in the syllabus of Nursing Department, such as “Anatomy-Physiology”, “Basic Principles in Pharmacology for Nurses”, “Surgical Nursing”, “Coronary Care Nursing”, “Intensive Nursing Care”, and “Clinical Nursing Assessment”. From 2018, I have also taught modules in MSc Program “Advanced Clinical Practice in Health Sciences”. In particular, relevant to “Medication adherence”, “Medication Errors” and “Pressure ulcer management”. Furthermore, I have supervised successfully 12 MSc thesis and 1 PhD dissertation. Currently, I am supervising 4 PhD candidates. For a period of 2 years (2023-2025), I was the Chair of the Msc Program “Advanced Clinical Practice in Health Sciences” at HMU. Relavant publications in the filed of medication treatment and patients’ adherence are listed as following: 1. Spanakis et al. Impact of Adverse Drug Reactions in Patients with End Stage Renal Disease in Greece. Intern J of Environm Res Pub Health, 2020;17(23):9101. 2. Zografakis Sfakianakis et al. Evaluation of patients’ adherence in accordance with guidelines for Peripheral Arterial Disease management. Hellenic J of Nurs Science, 2017;10(4)36-44. 3. Dafogianni et al. COVID-19 Vaccination Intention Associated with Behaviors towards Protection and Perceptions Regarding the Pandemic. J Pers Med, 2022; 12:295.

Current position:
Since 2022 Associate Professor of Evidence-Based Clinical Practice and Precision Nursing at the Nursing Department at the HMU
Since 2023 the Head of the Department of nursing and the Director of the EDUCATE Lab
Academic degree:
Degree in “Nursing” (Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, University of Athens, 2003), Master of Science (MSc) with reference to “Public Health and Healthcare Administration” and PhD degree in the field of Evidence-Based Clinical Practice (2015).

Experience:
She has a thirteen-year old clinical experience, while her academic experience started in 2011. Supervision of more than 30 master thesis, 7 PhD students with in progress projects and two postdoctoral research projects in field related to precision health, EBP in clinical practice, adherence, drug-to-drug interaction and quality in healthcare.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=adherence+patelarou

Participation in funding projects:
• Principal Investigator for the Greek team in the “Weeks of International Teaching – Inclusive and Digital” project. (https://witea-id.eu/ ):
• On a behalf of a partnership of HMU, she was an initial member of the research team of the “EBP e-Toolkit project – [Providing a Teaching and Learning open and innovative toolkit for Evidence-Based Practice to Nursing European]. (https://europeannursingebp.eu/)
• Additionally, she was a member of the research team of the European funded project «Reducing the Harm and Burden of Injuries and human Loss caused by road traffic crashes and Addressing Injury Demands through effective interventions (REHABIL-AID)»(https://rehabil-aid.hmu.gr/, 2014-2015).
• She also participated as a researcher in the research project “ORAMMA: Operational Refugee And Migrant Maternal Approach” (http://oramma.eu/, 2017-2018).
Publications: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=patelarou+a

The University of Málaga, through its Faculty of Health Sciences, is a leading institution in Southern Spain. It provides comprehensive undergraduate training in Nursing, Physiotherapy, Podiatry, and Occupational Therapy. At the postgraduate level, the Faculty offers Master’s and PhD programs characterized by a multidisciplinary approach, training health professionals from diverse backgrounds in advanced clinical research and evidence-based practice Research activities are primarily integrated into the Institute of Biomedical Research of Málaga (IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND), a multidisciplinary excellence center that bridges the gap between basic research and clinical practice within the public health system. Our research team, “Chronicity, Dependency, Care and Health Services Evaluation” (Group C-13), led by Prof. Morales-Asencio, focuses on the design and evaluation of interventions for patients with complex chronic conditions. A core pillar of our track record is medication adherence in polymedicated elderly populations and chronic patients, as well as patients participation in shared-decision making. We specialize in developing predictive models for adverse events and evaluating interventions to improve therapeutic compliance and clinical safety. Notable projects include nationally funded trials on patient safety and the management of chronic complexity, as well as the development of digital health tools to improve care of patients with multimorbidity and their caregivers. Our group provides advanced training through the PhD Program in Health Sciences, fostering evidence-based practice. Currently, we collaborate with the Spanish Ministry of Health on the “Health Care Committee” and the regional “Chronicity Strategy”. Website links: University of Málaga: https://www.uma.es/ IBIMA: https://www.ibima.eu/ Faculty of Health Sciences: https://www.uma.es/facultad-de-ciencias-de-la-salud

Prof. José Miguel Morales-Asencio is a Full Professor and Vice-Dean for Research at the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Málaga, and Coordinator of the PhD Program in Health Sciences. With a multidisciplinary background in Nursing, Anthropology, and a PhD in Health Economics, his career bridges clinical practice (16 years at Virgen de la Victoria Hospital), health management, and high-level academia.
His research interests in the field of medication adherence focus on complex chronic conditions and patient safety. As Principal Investigator of the “Chronicity, Dependency, Care and Health Services Evaluation” group at IBIMA-Bionand, he leads the development of predictive models for adverse events and the evaluation of interventions to improve therapeutic compliance among polymedicated patients and their family caregivers.
His notable achievements include over 245 publications (170 in high-impact journals). He is ranked in the top 2% of the world’s most cited scientists in his field (Stanford University ranking) and the top 3% across all disciplines in Spain. He has supervised 53 PhD theses and led over 20 competitive research projects.
Beyond academia, he has significant experience in evidence-based policy, having directed the Research and Effectiveness Unit of the Málaga Primary Care District. He currently serves as a senior consultant for the Spanish Ministry of Health and the Regional Ministry of Health, contributing to national strategies on chronic care and health safety.

The University of Strathclyde (https://www.strath.ac.uk/) in Glasgow, Scotland, is home to over 30,000 students from more than 140 countries. Research is focused around seven strategic themes; amongst these, the strategic theme of Health and Wellbeing combines expertise spanning from fundamental biological understanding to health care policy, The Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences (SIPBS) is a leading centre for research focused on new medicines, better medicines, and better use of medicines, and is a top school of pharmacy in the UK. Within SIPBS, the Pharmacoepidemiology & Health Care research group (https://www.strath.ac.uk/research/subjects/pharmacybiomedicalsciences/pharmacoepidemiologyandhealthcare/) aims to optimise the safe and effective use of medicines through the use of health informatics and the development, implementation, and evaluation of healthcare interventions, including digital health technologies. Alongside projects focusing on treatment outcomes in, e.g., cancer and cardiovascular diseases, research group members also conduct drug utilisation research, including medication adherence research; past and present projects comprise, for instance, studies on adherence to oral anticoagulants and antidepressants. Medication adherence research within the group mainly centres around the use of routinely collected healthcare data to estimate adherence, and the development of interventions to support medication adherence among patients.

Dr Tanja Mueller is a lecturer in Pharmacoepidemiology and Health Services Research at the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow, Scotland. She has graduated with a degree in pharmacy from TU Braunschweig (Germany) and has worked in community pharmacies in Germany before obtaining a Master’s degree in Public Health from Lund University (Sweden). She completed a PhD in Pharmacoepidemiology at the University of Strathclyde (Scotland) in 2017. Her main areas of expertise are drug utilisation research/medication adherence; mixed-methods research; and the design, conduct, and analyses of cohort studies. While most of her current research is in the areas of cancer and cardiovascular disease, she is involved in various other projects covering a range of topics, including medicines use in pregnancy, polypharmacy, and mental health. Tanja has previously published on adherence to oral anticoagulants and has co-authored the chapter on database research in adherence in the 2nd edition of the “Drug Utilisation Research – Methods and applications” textbook.

Professor Kurdi is a Professor of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacy Practice with professional training in Clinical Pharmacy. His research expertise lies in pharmacoepidemiology and drug utilisation research, with a particular focus on cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and antimicrobial use. A central theme of his work is the study of medication adherence and persistence, using large-scale secondary data sources and linked patient-level datasets, and applying robust epidemiological and statistical methods. Professor Kurdi has extensive experience in evaluating healthcare interventions and health system policies, including the impact of clinical guidelines, prescribing initiatives, and service redesigns on medicines use and patient outcomes. More recently, his work has expanded to include the evaluation of digital health technologies and data-enabled interventions aimed at improving medication adherence, safety, and optimisation in routine clinical practice. He has led and contributed to numerous national and international collaborative studies, producing high-impact publications that inform policy, clinical practice, and regulatory decision-making. Professor Kurdi is actively engaged in the international pharmacoepidemiology community, regularly participating in and contributing to major conferences such as EuroDURG and ICPE, and is committed to fostering interdisciplinary and cross-sector collaborations to advance adherence research and the evaluation of healthcare interventions.

Vilnius University, founded in 1579, is the oldest and largest academic institution in Lithuania and a leading research university in the region. Our academic community is actively engaged in pharmaceutical sciences research, coordinates and participates in national and international research projects, contributes to European networks, and collaborates closely with healthcare institutions, regulatory authorities, and industry partners. We place a strong emphasis on evidence-based practice, innovation, and the integration of new technologies and digital tools into both education and research. More information on www.vu.lt.

Dr. Indre Treciokiene got a Pharm M diploma at Lithuanian Health Science University in 2005. For 12 years she worked as the head of a small pharmacy chain and as a practicing pharmacist. In 2018 – 2022 was responsible for the Pharmacy undergraduate program at Vilnius University. Indre defended PhD thesis in pharmacy at Groningen University, Netherlands in 2024. From September 2024 holds an associate professor position in social pharmacy and drug utilization research team at Vilnius University. Her research interests focus on medication adherence and pharmacy/pharmacist services. She has used drug utilization research methods to study medicine use in the cardiovascular disease area. Dr. Indre Treciokiene is an executive committee member at the European Drug Utilisation Group (Euro DURG) and a FIP Academic Institutional member.

The University of Thessaly (UTH) (www.uth.gr/en) is ranked 3rd among Greek universities, among the top 5% of European universities, and among the top 800 universities worldwide, according to World UniversityRankings published by TimesHigherEducation. According to the National Documentation Center, UTH is among the 10 Greek institutions that have achieved the largest community funding to date in Horizon 2020 (period 2014 -2020) and it has strong participation records to international research programs (HORIZON EUROPE, Erasmus+, RFSR, INTERREG and LIFE). The UTH Research Committee maintains a list of active projects, focusing, among others, on drug administration and patient compliance in the 2025-2026 period https://ee.uth.gr/en/active-projects.

Prof. Dr Anthony Karageorgos is a Professor in “Intelligent Information Systems” at the Department of Forestry, Wood Sciences and Design, School of Technology, University of Thessaly, Greece, and Director of the Applied Informatics and Digital Technologies laboratory (AIDigiLab). He holds a PhD and an MSc in Computer Science from Univ. of Manchester, UK, and Univ. of Essex, UK respectively. His current involvements include development of intelligent methods for environmental applications, and engineering personalised and adaptive Industry 5.0 solutions for education and business. He has attracted funding and coordinated several research projects in Greece and EU, resulting in patents and numerous scientific publications. He has extensive experience in Self-Organising Multi-Agent Systems and Decentralised Intelligence. His latest research interests include Agentic AI and Retrieval Augmented Generation, as well as applications of Immersive Reality and AI in business processes and the environment.

Dr. Lallas Efthymios is an Associate Professor at the Department of Forestry, Wood Science and Design, of University of Thessaly. His previous work experience includes key job positions in industrial telecom sector, and he has participated on many European and Greek Research Programs as well. He is an author of many scientific papers and monographs in major scientific impact, international, under judgment conferences and journals and a peer reviewer.
His scientific interests include Network System Architectures and infrastructure, Network on Chip Architectures (NoC), Network System Design and Technoeconomical Evaluation, Network System Security and Blockchain, Cognitive Devices and Systems, Intelligent Home Networks, as well as, Industry 4.0, Big Data Analysis, GIS/Telemetry, Digital technology in education, and Digital Transformation.